The aim of the research is to identify options for developing performance management (PM) of the academic staff (AS) based on the example of Estonian universities (economics faculties). We want to find out more about PA and its interaction with other elements of performance – the effectiveness of teaching and research are studied. The analysis includes a review on how the PM system has developed over time, ascertaining special features with respect to the economic crisis. Methods included three questionnaire-based surveys of AS carried out in 2013, interviews with nine academic leaders and seven focus group interviews were conducted. Qualitative methods involved the analysis of documentation universities, interviews and participatory observations within a case study. A detailed PA system enables the AS to achieve higher results specifically during periods of restructuring and change at universities, but causes a negative impact for quality and motivation of AS in times of crisis. During the stage of further development of the faculties, it would be necessary to pay more attention to qualitative indicators and reduce the number of quantitative indicators. It is necessary to develop the PM to be applied in conjunction with other management instruments (qualitative management, personnel management).
Aguinis, H. and C. Pierce (2007) “Enhancing the relevance of organizational behavior by embracing performance management research”. Journal of Organizational Behavior 29, 139–145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.493
Atkinson, A., S. Burgess, B. Croxson, P. Gregg, C. Propper, H. Slater, and D. Wilson (2009) “Evaluating the impact of performance-related pay for teachers in England”. Labour Economics 16, 3, 251–261.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2008.10.003
Biron, M., E. Farndale, and J. Paauwe (2011) “Performance management effectiveness: lessons from world-leading firms”. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 22, 6, 1294–1311.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.559100
Bogt, H. and R. W. Scapens (2012) “Performance management in universities: effects of the transition to more quantitative measurement systems”. European Accounting Review 21, 3, 451–497.
Browne, L. and S. Rayner (2015) “Managing leadership in university reform: data-led decision-making, the cost of learning and déjà vu?”. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 43, 2, 290–307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741143213494890
Brudan, A. N. (2010) “Rediscovering performance management: systems, learning and integration”. Measuring Business Excellence 14, 1, 109–123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13683041011027490
Budworth, M.-H., G. P. Latham, and L. Manroop (2015) “Looking forward to performance improvement: a field test of the feedforward interview for performance management”. Human Resource Management, 54, 1, 45–54.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21618
Bush, T. and D. Middlewood (2013) Leading and Managing People in Education. 3rd Ed. Sage Publications Ltd.
Cardona, F. (2007) Performance related pay in public service. In OECD and EU Member States. Sigma.
Clayson, D. (2013) “Initial impressions and the student evaluation of teaching”. Journal of Education for Business 88, 1, 26–35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2011.633580
Cranet Survey on Comparative HRM (2011) International executive report. Cranet. Available online at <http://www.ef.uns.ac.rs/cranet/download/cranet_report_2012_ 280212.pdf >. Accessed on 28.07.2014.
Crowell, C. R., D. A., Hantula, and K. L. McArthur (2011) “From job analysis to performance management: a synergistic rapprochement to organizational effectiveness”. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management 31, 4, 316-332.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2011.619420
De Andres, R., J. L. Garcia-Lapresta, and L. Martinez (2010) “A multi-granular linguistic model for management decision-making in performance appraisal”. Soft Computing 14, 1, 21–34.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00500-008-0387-8
Decramer, A., C. Smolders, and A. Vanderstraeten (2013) “employee performance management culture and system features in higher education: relationship with employee performance management satisfaction”. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 24, 2, 352–371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.680602
Dewettinck, K. and H. van Dijk (2013) “Linking Belgian employee performance management system characteristics with performance management system effectiveness: exploring the mediating role of fairness”. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 24, 4, 806–825.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.700169
Ederer, F. and G. Manso (2012) Is pay-for-performance detrimental to innovation? Available online at <http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/manso/em.pdf>. Accessed on 20.07.2014.
Edler, J., L. Georghiou, K. Blind, and E. Uyarra (2012) “Evaluating the demand side: new challenges for evaluation”.
Research Evaluation 21, 1, 33–47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvr002
Egginton, B. (2010) “Introduction of Formal Performance Appraisal of Academic Staff the Management Challenges associated with effective implementation”. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 38, 1, 119–133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741143209351660
Estermann, T, T. Nokkala, and M. Steinel (2011) University autonomy in Europe II. The scorecard. European University Association.
Fang, M. and B. Gerhart (2012) “Does pay for performance diminish intrinsic interest?”. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 23, 6, 1176–1196.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.561227
Feng, T., D. Wang, and D. Prajogo (2014) “Incorporating human resource management initiatives into customer services: empirical evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms”. Industrial Marketing Management, 43, 1, 126–135.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.08.007
Figlio, D. N. and L. W. Kenny (2007) “Individual teacher incentives and student performance”. Journal of Public Economics 91, 901–914.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.10.001
Gerhart, B., S. L. Rynes, and I. S. Fulmer (2009) “Pay and performance: individuals, groups, and executives”. The Academy of Management Annals 3, 1, 251–315.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19416520903047269
Gil-Anton, M. (2011) “The merit pay system in a Mexican university: the case of Metropolitan Autonomous University”. The Journal of the Professoriate 4, 2, 122–140.
Gielen, A. C., M. J. M. Kerkhofs, and J. C. Ours (2010) “How performance related pay affects productivity and employment”. Journal of Population Economics 23, 1, 291–301.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-009-0252-9
Gravina, N. E. and B. P. Siers (2011) “Square pegs and round holes: ruminations on the relationship between performance appraisal and performance management”. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management 31, 4, 277–287.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01608061.2011.619418
Haines, V. Y. and S. St-Onge (2012) “Performance management effectiveness: practices or context?”. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 23, 6, 1158–1175.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.561230
Hallin, C. A., S. Tveteras, and T. J. Andersen (2012) “Judgmental forecasting of operational capabilities: exploring a new indicator to predict financial performance”. Available at <http:// openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/8507/Hallin%20.pdf?sequence=1
>. Accessed on 12.05.2014.
Heidmets, M. and B. Vilgats (2012) „Control, freedom and trust: seeking for a higher education model in a post-communist country“. Problems of Education in the 21st Century 40, 88–96.
Heinrich, C. J. and G. Marschke (2009) “Incentives and their dynamics in public sector performance management systems”. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 29, 1, 183–208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.20484
Harkness, P. and M. Schier (2011) “Performance related pay in Australian universities: the case of Swinburne university”. Australian Universities’ Review, 53, 2, 50–58.
James, C. (2014) “Trends in the governance and governing of school in England”. Local Government Studies 40, 6, 893–909.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2012.722839
Jones, J., R. Gaffney-Rhys, and E. Jones (2014) “Handle with care! An exploration of the potential risks associated with the publication and summative usage of student evaluation of teaching (SET) results”. Journal of Further and Higher Education 38, 1, 37–56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2012.699514
Kallio, K. M. and T. J. Kallio (2014) “Management-by-results and performance measurement in universities – implications for work motivation”. Studies in Higher Education 39, 4, 574–589.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2012.709497
Kindsiko, E. (2014) Organisational control in university management: a multiparadigm approach on the example of the University of Tartu. PhD Thesis, University of Tartu, Estonia.
Kivipõld, K. and M. Vadi (2013) “Market orientation in the context of the impact of leadership capability on performance”. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 31, 5, 368–387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-09-2012-0092
Lucifora, C. and F. Origo (2015) “Performance-related pay and firm productivity: evidence from a reform in the structure of collective bargaining”. ILR Review, 68, 3, 606–632.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793915570876
Lukka, K. (2010) “The roles and effects of paradigms in accounting research”. Management Accounting Research 21, 2, 110–115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2010.02.002
Maillard, J. and S. P. Savage (2012) “Comparing performance: the development of police performance management in France and Britain”. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy 22, 4, 363–383.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2012.718777
Malik, M., A. Butt, and J. Choi (2014) “Rewards and employee creative performance: moderating effects of creative self-efficacy, reward importance and locus of control”. Journal of Organizational Behavior 36, 1, 59–74.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.1943
Melo, A. I., C. S. Sarrico, and Z. Radnor (2010) “The influence of performance management systems on key actors in universities”. Public Management Review 12, 2, 233–254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14719031003616479
Miah, M. K. and C. G. Hossan (2012) “Performance management system in UK retail industry: a case study”. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business 7, 3, 13–25.
Milanowski, A. (2007) “Performance pay system preferences of students preparing to be teachers”. Education Finance and Policy 2, 2, 111–132.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp.2007.2.2.111
Mingers, J. and H. Willmott (2013) “Taylorizing business school research: on the ‘one best way’ performative effects of journal ranking lists”. Human Relations 66, 1051–1073.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726712467048
Mone, E., C. Eisinger, K. Guggenheim, B. Price, and C. Stine (2011) “Performance management at the wheel: driving employee engagement in organizations”. Journal of Business Psychology 26, 2, 205–2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-011-9222-9
Mone, E., B. Price, and C. Eisinger (2011) “Performance management: process perfection or process utility”. Industrial and Organizational Psychology 4, 2, 184–187.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2011.01322.x
Moreland, J. (2009) “Investigating secondary school leaders’ perceptions of performance management”. Educational Management Administration & Leadership 37, 6, 735–765.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741143209345569
Nannerup, N. and K. K. Olsen (2014) “Multitasking and performance measurement”. Discussion Papers on Business and Economics, Working Paper 20. University of Southern Denmark. Available online at <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id=2540063>. Accessed on 02.10.2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2540063
Neal, D. (2011) “The design of performance pay in education“. NBER Working Paper, nr. 16710, January 2011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53444-6.00006-7
Okas, A., M. van der Schaaf, and E. Krull (2014) “Novice and experienced teachers’ views on professionalism”. Trames, 18, 4, 327–344.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/tr.2014.4.02
Pascal, C. and G. Marschke (2008) “A general test for distortions in performance measures”. Review of Economics and Statistics 90, 3, 428–441.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.90.3.428
Philippe, A., M. Dewatripont, C. Hoxby, A. Mas-Colell, and A. Sapir (2008) Higher aspirations: an agenda for reforming European universities. Brueghel Blueprint.
Pepper, A., J. Gore, and A. Crossman (2013) “Are long-term incentive plans an effective and efficient way of motivating senior executives?” Human Resource Management Journal 23, 1, 36–51.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2011.00188.x
Schulz, E. R. and D. M. Tanguay (2006) “Merit pay in a public higher education institution: questions of impact and attitudes”. Public Personnel Management 35, 1, 77–88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102600603500105
Soss, J., R. Fording, and S. F. Schram (2011) “The organization of discipline: from performance management to perversity and punishment”. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21, 2, 203–232.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq095
Sousa, C. A. A., W. F. Nijs, and P. H. J. Hendriks (2010) “Secrets of the beehive: performance management in university research organizations”. Human Relations 63, 9, 143–1460.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726709357083
Stanton, P. and A. Nankervis (2011) “Linking strategic HRM, performance management and organizational effectiveness: perceptions of managers in Singapore”. Asia Pacific Business Review 17, 1, 67–84.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602381003790382
Symbaluk, D. G. and A. J. Howell (2010) “Web-based student feedback: comparing teaching-award and research-award recipients”. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education 35, 1, 7–82.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02602930802563094
Sutrop, M. (2015) “Can values be taught? The myth of value-free education”. Trames 19, 2, 189–202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/tr.2015.2.06
Terpstra, D. E. and A. L. Honoree (2009) “Merit pay plans in higher education institutions: characteristics and effects”. Public Personnel Management 38, 4, 55–77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102600903800404
Türk, K. (2008) “Performance appraisal and the compensation of academic staff in the University of Tartu”. Baltic Journal of Management 3, 1, 40–54.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17465260810844257
Türk, K. (2010) “Performance management of academic staff in the faculty of economics and business administration at Tartu University (pluses and minuses)”. In 5th IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE ICMIT, 624–629. Singapore.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmit.2010.5492748
Walker, R. M., F. Damanpour, and C. A. Devece (2010) “Management innovation and organizational performance: the mediating effect of performance management”. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21, 367–386.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muq043
Wang, Z. M. and S. Wang (2008) “Modelling regional HRM strategies in China: an entrepreneurship perspective”. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 19, 5, 945–963.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585190801994107
Williams, H. M., J. Rayner, and C. W. Allinson (2012) “New public management and organisational commitment in the public sector: testing a mediation model”. International Journal of Human Resource Management 23, 13, 2615–2629.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.633275
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2011.605939